References
References Body Composition Analysis
Masset KVDSB, et al. Development and validation of new bioimpedance equations to estimate skeletal muscle mass percentage in a white, healthy population. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2025; doi:10.1038/s41430-025-01513-2.
International Journal of Kinesiology. Agreement between Body Fat Estimation Methods: From Durnin and Womersley Equation to Bioimpedance. Int J Kinesiol. 2025.
Mahdavi S, et al. Exploring the impact of genetic factors and fatty acid quality on visceral and overall fat levels in overweight and obese women. BMC Nutr. 2025; 11(1):45. doi:10.1186/s40795-024-00953-8.
Chen L, et al. Phase angle and cardiovascular risk factors: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Nutr Rev. 2025; doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuaf123.
Li J, et al. Age-related changes in bioelectrical impedance analysis-derived phase angle (PhA) and association with sarcopenic obesity in Chinese adults. Front Nutr. 2025; doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1432103.
Wu P, et al. Bioelectrical impedance phase angle combined with physical function predicts pre-frailty in maintenance hemodialysis patients. BMC Nephrol. 2024; 25:3684. doi:10.1186/s12882-024-03684-x.
Kumar S, et al. Bioelectrical impedance analysis predicts high visceral fat and risk of hypertension in adults. J Fam Med Prim Care. 2024; 13(10):3202-3208. doi:10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_543_24.
Zhang Q, et al. Visceral fat obesity and prefrailty in Chinese older adults: a cross-sectional study. BMC Endocr Disord. 2024; 24(1625). doi:10.1186/s12902-024-01625-1.
Okabe Y, et al. Recent topic of phase angle (PhA) by bioelectrical impedance analyses (BIA) for anti-aging medicine. Asploro J Biomed Clin Case Rep. 2024; 7(3):21-28.
Yang K, et al. Bioelectrical impedance-guided interventions and outcomes in dialysis patients: meta-analysis of randomized trials. Clin Nutr. 2023; 42(5):1005-1018.
Lee GR, et al. Usefulness of phase angle on bioelectrical impedance analysis in clinical practice. Front Med. 2023; 10:1203409.
Zheng WH, et al. Prognostic role of bioelectrical impedance phase angle in non-critical illnesses: a meta-analysis. Nutr Metab. 2023; 20(1):21.
Carvalho JB, et al. Visceral fat area measured by electrical bioimpedance predicts COVID-19 severity. BMC Infect Dis. 2023; 23:410.
Thanapholsart J, et al. Clinical uses of bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA) in heart failure and nutrition management. J Clin Med. 2022; 11(21):6458.
Lima J, et al. Prognostic value of phase angle for intensive care unit length of stay and mortality: meta-analysis. Clin Nutr. 2022; 41(12):2584-2594.
Stevanovic D, et al. Bioelectrical impedance as predictor of outcomes in obesity and COVID-19 cohorts. Nutrients. 2022; 14(5):1024.
Di Vincenzo O, et al. Bioelectrical impedance-derived phase angle: a systematic review of its role in clinical populations. Clin Nutr. 2021; 40(4):2509-2520.
Akamatsu Y, et al. Phase angle from bioelectrical impedance analysis as a prognostic marker: systematic review. Nutr Clin Pract. 2021; 36(1):131-145.
Moonen HPFX, et al. Bioelectrical impedance analysis and body composition in COVID-19
patients: the BIAC-19 study. Clin Nutr. 2021; 40(7):4420-4427.
Davies SJ, et al. Role of bioimpedance in fluid status and outcome prediction in dialysis and CKD patients. Kidney Int Rep. 2019; 4(5):685-695.
Haverkort EB, et al. Accuracy of bioelectrical impedance analysis in surgical and oncology patients: a systematic review. Clin Nutr. 2018; 37(2):347-355.
Kyle UG, et al. Bioelectrical impedance phase angle and mortality in hospitalized patients: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr. 2017; 106(1):163-176.
Davies SJ, et al. Bioelectrical impedance vector analysis in maintenance hemodialysis: implications for volume management. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014; 9(12):2069-2079.
Body composition analysis in older adults with dementia. Anthropomentry and bioelectrical impedance analysis: a critical review MAC Martin, B de Mateo Silleras… – European journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2014
Conclusion – Using Bio-electrical Impedance Vector Analysis errors are minimized, as there is no need for the subject to be normally hydrated and it does not require the use of predictive models
BIO-ELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE TECHNOLOGY FOR EVALUATING HUMAN BODY COMPOSITION PARAMETERS: ADVANCED DIAGNOSTIC …R Subhedar, V Subhedar, P Dave, P Mishra, A Kaur – Int J Physiother Res, 2014
Conclusion -Thus, Bio-electrical Impedance method proved to be accurate, safe and simple technology in assessing body composition parameters and thereby analyzing physical fitness
Analysis of Body Composition: A Critical Review of the Use of Bio-electrical Impedance Analysis MS Mialich, JMF Sicchieri… – International Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2014 1-10
Conclusion – In general, multi-frequency impedance does not improve the estimate of body composition compared to single-frequency impedance, but can provide an accurate and precise estimate of TBW and ECW
Segmental bio-electrical impedance analysis:an update. Ward LC. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2012; 15 (5):424-9.
Conclusion – Segmental impedance, impedance approaches, provides indirect prediction of body composition whose accuracy is yet to achieve that of reference techniques
Low phase angle determined by bio-electrical impedance analysis is associated with malnutrition and nutritional risk at hospital admission. Kyle U, Genton L, Pichard C. Clinical Nutrition 2012; 1-6.
Conclusion – There is a significant association between low PhA and nutritional risk, LOS and non-survival. PhA is helpful to identify patients who are at nutritional risk at hospital admission in order to limit the number of in-depth nutritional assessments.
A comparison of dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and bio-electrical impedance analysis to measure total and segmental body composition in healthy young adults. Leahy S, O’Neill C, Sohun R, Jakeman P Eur J Appl Physiol 2012; 112: 589-95.
Conclusion – Though statistically significant, the small difference (~ 4%) between the methods indicates that the BIA may be used interchangeably with DXA in the measurement of appendicular fat free mass in healthy young adults.
Bio-electrical phase angle and impedance vector analysis e Clinical relevance and applicability of impedance parameters. Norman K, Stobäus N, Pirlich M, Bosy-Westphal A. Clinical Nutrition 2012; 1-8.
Mally, K, Dittmar M. Comparison of three segmental multi-frequency bio-electrical impedance techniques in healthy adults. Annals of Human Biology 2012; Early Online: 1-11
Conclusion – After this review, we conclude that BIA is an important instrument for health professionals and that its use can provide safe data about body composition, in addition to complementary data about the clinical course of patients followed up on a medium- and longterm basis.
Bio-electric impedance phase angle is associated with hospital mortality of geriatric patients. Wirth R, Volkert D, Rosler A, Sieber CC, Bauer JM. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2010; 51: 290-4.
Conclusion – A significant difference of PA (50 kHz) between survivors (4.2±1.1°) and nonsurvivors (3.6±1.2°; p<0.001) of the hospital stay could be detected.
Estimation of segmental fat free mass in Taiwanese elderly females by bioelectrical impedance analysis with new mathematical model. Hsieh K, Kao M, Jang T et al. African Journal of Biotechnology 2011; 10 (75): 17339-46
Conclusion – After this review, we conclude that BIA is an important instrument for health professionals and that its use can provide safe data about body composition
Nayeli Macias, Heliodoro Alemán¬ Mateo, Julián Esparza¬ Romero and Mauro E Valencia (2007).Body fat measurement by bio-electrical impedance and air displacement plethysmography: a cross¬ validation study to design bio-electrical impedance equations in Mexican adults. Nutrition Journal, 6:18:10.2007 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov2007
Klauke S, Fischer H, Rieger A, Frühauf L, Staszewski S, Althoff PH, Helm EB (2005). Use of bio-electrical impedance analysis to determine body composition changes in HIV¬ associated wasting.Int J STD AIDS. Apr;16(4):307¬-313.2005
Sun SS, Chumlea WC, Heymsfield SB, Lukaski HC, Schoeller D, Friedl K, Kuczmarski RJ, Flegal KM, Johnson CL, Hubbard VS (2003). Development of bioelectrical impedance analysis prediction equations for body composition with the use of a multicomponent model for use in epidemiologic surveys. Am J ClinNutr.Feb;77(2):331-3¬40.2003
Lukaski, HC, Boloncguk, WW, Hall CB & Suders WA Validation of Tetrapolar Bio-electrical Impedance Method to Assess Human Body Composition United States Department of Agriculture, Grand Forks Nutrition Research Center. J. Appl. Physiol. 60(4):1327-1332
NIH Consensus statement. Bio-electrical impedance analysis in body composition measurement. National Institutes of Health Technology Assessment Conference Statement. December 12-14, 1994.
Ellis J, et. al. Bio-electrical impedance methods in clinical research: a follow-up to the NIH technology assessment conference. Nutrition, Volume 15, Nos. 11/12, 1999
Lukaski HC. Methods for the assessment of human body composition: traditional and new. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1987; 46:537-56.
Lukaski HC, et al. Assessment of fat-free mass using bio-electrical impedance measurements of the human body. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, April 1985; 41:810-817.
Van Loan MD. Bio-electrical impedance analysis to determine fat-free mass, total body water and body fat. Sports Med. 10(4):205-217, 1990.
ADAMS, J.A. (1985) Ross Medical Publications. Symposium on human body composition.
COHN, D.A., KAY, T.P., TATSCH, R.F., THIES, C.F., (1981). Comparison of methods for estimating body fat in normal subjects and cancer patients. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION, vol. 34, 2839¬-2847.
DURIN, J.U.G.A., WORMERSLY, J., (1974). Body fat assessment from total body density and its estimation from skin fold thickness: Measurement of 481 men and women aged 16¬-72. BRITISH JOURNAL OF NUTRITION, vol 32, 77¬-97.
GIRANDOLA, R.N., CONTARSY, S.A., WISWELL, R.A., ARTAL, R. MD, Algorithmic ElectroLipoGraphy. A simple and accurate method for the clinical diagnosis of obesity.
HARSHA, D.W., VOORS, A.W., BERENSON, G.S., (1978). Racial differences in subcutaneal fat patterns in children age 7¬-15. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY, VOL 53, 333¬-337.
HARSHA, D.W., FREDRICKS, R., BENSON, G.S., (1978). Densitometry and anthropometry of blacks and whites. Human Biology, vol. 50, 261¬-280.
Lifestyle Nutrition Metabolic Analyzer, Body Composition Analyzer and Meal Planning Software
Body composition analysis in older adults with dementia. Anthropomentry and bioelectrical impedance analysis: a critical review MAC Martin, B de Mateo Silleras… – European journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2014
Conclusion – Using Bio-electrical Impedance Vector Analysis errors are minimized, as there is no need for the subject to be normally hydrated and it does not require the use of predictive models
BIO-ELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE TECHNOLOGY FOR EVALUATING HUMAN BODY COMPOSITION PARAMETERS:“AN ADVANCED DIAGNOSTIC …R Subhedar, V Subhedar, P Dave, P Mishra, A Kaur – Int J Physiother Res, 2014
Conclusion -Thus, Bio-electrical Impedance method proved to be accurate, safe and simple technology in assessing body composition parameters and thereby analyzing physical fitness
Analysis of Body Composition: A Critical Review of the Use of Bio-electrical Impedance Analysis MS Mialich, JMF Sicchieri… – International Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2014 1-10
Conclusion – In general, multi-frequency impedance does not improve the estimate of body composition compared to single-frequency impedance, but can provide an accurate and precise estimate of TBW and ECW
Segmental bio-electrical impedance analysis:an update. Ward LC. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2012; 15 (5):424-9.
Conclusion – Segmental impedance, impedance approaches, provides indirect prediction of body composition whose accuracy is yet to achieve that of reference techniques
Low phase angle determined by bio-electrical impedance analysis is associated with malnutrition and nutritional risk at hospital admission. Kyle U, Genton L, Pichard C. Clinical Nutrition 2012; 1-6.
Conclusion – There is a significant association between low PhA and nutritional risk, LOS and non-survival. PhA is helpful to identify patients who are at nutritional risk at hospital admission in order to limit the number of in-depth nutritional assessments.
A comparison of dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and bio-electrical impedance analysis to measure total and segmental body composition in healthy young adults. Leahy S, O’Neill C, Sohun R, Jakeman P Eur J Appl Physiol 2012; 112: 589-95.
Conclusion – Though statistically significant, the small difference (~ 4%) between the methods indicates that the BIA may be used interchangeably with DXA in the measurement of appendicular fat free mass in healthy young adults.
Bio-electrical phase angle and impedance vector analysis e Clinical relevance and applicability of impedance parameters. Norman K, Stobäus N, Pirlich M, Bosy-Westphal A. Clinical Nutrition 2012; 1-8.
Mally, K, Dittmar M. Comparison of three segmental multi-frequency bio-electrical impedance techniques in healthy adults. Annals of Human Biology 2012; Early Online: 1-11
Conclusion – After this review, we conclude that BIA is an important instrument for health professionals and that its use can provide safe data about body composition, in addition to complementary data about the clinical course of patients followed up on a medium- and longterm basis
Bio-electric impedance phase angle is associated with hospital mortality of geriatric patients. Wirth R, Volkert D, Rosler A, Sieber CC, Bauer JM. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2010; 51: 290-4.
Conclusion – A significant difference of PA (50 kHz) between survivors (4.2±1.1°) and nonsurvivors (3.6±1.2°; p<0.001) of the hospital stay could be detected.
Estimation of segmental fat free mass in Taiwanese elderly females by bioelectrical impedance analysis with new mathematical model. Hsieh K, Kao M, Jang T et al. African Journal of Biotechnology 2011; 10 (75): 17339-46
Conclusion – After this review, we conclude that BIA is an important instrument for health professionals and that its use can provide safe data about body composition
Nayeli Macias, Heliodoro Alemán¬ Mateo, Julián Esparza¬ Romero and Mauro E Valencia (2007).Body fat measurement by bio-electrical impedance and air displacement plethysmography: a cross¬ validation study to design bio-electrical impedance equations in Mexican adults. Nutrition Journal, 6:18:10.2007 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov2007
Klauke S, Fischer H, Rieger A, Frühauf L, Staszewski S, Althoff PH, Helm EB (2005). Use of bio-electrical impedance analysis to determine body composition changes in HIV¬ associated wasting.Int J STD AIDS. Apr;16(4):307¬-313.2005
Sun SS, Chumlea WC, Heymsfield SB, Lukaski HC, Schoeller D, Friedl K, Kuczmarski RJ, Flegal KM, Johnson CL, Hubbard VS (2003). Development of bioelectrical impedance analysis prediction equations for body composition with the use of a multicomponent model for use in epidemiologic surveys. Am J ClinNutr.Feb;77(2):331-3¬40.2003
Lukaski, HC, Boloncguk, WW, Hall CB & Suders WA Validation of Tetrapolar Bio-electrical Impedance Method to Assess Human Body Composition United States Department of Agriculture, Grand Forks Nutrition Research Center. J. Appl. Physiol. 60(4):1327-1332
NIH Consensus statement. Bio-electrical impedance analysis in body composition measurement. National Institutes of Health Technology Assessment Conference Statement. December 12-14, 1994.
Ellis J, et. al. Bio-electrical impedance methods in clinical research: a follow-up to the NIH technology assessment conference. Nutrition, Volume 15, Nos. 11/12, 1999
Lukaski HC. Methods for the assessment of human body composition: traditional and new. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1987; 46:537-56.
Lukaski HC, et al. Assessment of fat-free mass using bio-electrical impedance measurements of the human body. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, April 1985; 41:810-817.
Van Loan MD. Bio-electrical impedance analysis to determine fat-free mass, total body water and body fat. Sports Med. 10(4):205-217, 1990.
ADAMS, J.A. (1985) Ross Medical Publications. Symposium on human body composition.
COHN, D.A., KAY, T.P., TATSCH, R.F., THIES, C.F., (1981). Comparison of methods for estimating body fat in normal subjects and cancer patients. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION, vol. 34, 2839¬-2847.
DURIN, J.U.G.A., WORMERSLY, J., (1974). Body fat assessment from total body density and its estimation from skin fold thickness: Measurement of 481 men and women aged 16¬-72. BRITISH JOURNAL OF NUTRITION, vol 32, 77¬-97.
GIRANDOLA, R.N., CONTARSY, S.A., WISWELL, R.A., ARTAL, R. MD, Algorithmic ElectroLipoGraphy. A simple and accurate method for the clinical diagnosis of obesity.
HARSHA, D.W., VOORS, A.W., BERENSON, G.S., (1978). Racial differences in subcutaneal fat patterns in children age 7¬-15. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY, VOL 53, 333¬-337.
HARSHA, D.W., FREDRICKS, R., BENSON, G.S., (1978). Densitometry and anthropometry of blacks and whites. Human Biology, vol. 50, 261¬-280.
Lifestyle Nutrition Metabolic Analyzer, Body Composition Analyzer and Meal Planning Software